ISBN: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: 0000
Jezik: Engleski
Autor: Strani

U prihvatljivom stanju, primerak za čitanje. Pečati biblioteke, ima podvlačenja grafitnom.

Hardcover
Oxford University Press; 2nd edition (January 1, 1934)
A Study of History is a 12-volume universal history by the British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, published from 1934 to 1961. It received enormous popular attention but according to historian Richard J. Evans, `enjoyed only a brief vogue before disappearing into the obscurity in which it has languished.` Toynbee`s goal was to trace the development and decay of 19 or 21 world civilizations in the historical record, applying his model to each of these civilizations, detailing the stages through which they all pass: genesis, growth, time of troubles, universal state, and disintegration.

The 19 (or 21) major civilizations, as Toynbee sees them, are: Egyptian, Andean, Sumerian, Babylonic, Hittite, Minoan, Indic, Hindu, Syriac, Hellenic, Western, Orthodox Christian (having two branches: the main or Byzantine body and the Russian branch), Far Eastern (having two branches: the main or Chinese-Korean body and the Japanese branch), Islamic (having two branches which later merged: Arabic and Iranic), Mayan, Mexican and Yucatec. Moreover, there are three `abortive civilizations` (Abortive Far Western Christian, Abortive Far Eastern Christian, Abortive Scandinavian) and five `arrested civilizations` (Polynesian, Eskimo, Nomadic, Ottoman, Spartan), for a total of 27 or 29.


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CONTENTS

III. THE GROWTHS OF CIVILIZATIONS
A. THE PROBLEM OF THE GROWTHS OF CIVILIZATIONS i
The Arrested Civilizations ..... i
The Esquimaux .......4
The Nomads .......7
The Osmanlis .......22
The Spartans .......50
The Reversion to Animalism .....79
Insect Societies and Human Utopias ....88
B.THE NATURE OF THE GROWTHS OF CIVILIZATIONS 112
C.THE PROCESS OF THE GROWTHS OF CIVILIZATIONS 128
I.THE CRITERION OF GROWTH .....128
(a) Increasing Command over the Human Environment ..128
(b) Increasing Command over the Physical Environment ..154
(c) ‘Etherialization’ .......174
(d) The Transference of the Field of Action ...192
II.AN ANALYSIS OF GROWTH ......217
(a) The Relation between Growing Civilizations and Individuals .217
(b) The Interaction between Individuals in Growing Civilizations .248
The Movement of Withdrawal-and-Return ... 248
Saint Paul .......263
A Pair of Saviours ......264
Saint Benedict .......265
Saint Gregory the Great ......267
Saint Ignatius Loyola ......270
The Buddha .......270
David ........272
Solon ........273
Philopoemen .......274
Caesar ........274
Leo Syrus .......274
Muhammad .. .....276
Peter the Great .......278
Lenin ........283
Garibaldi ........284
Hindenburg .......286
A Pleiad of Historians ......287
Thucydides 291
Xenophon .......292
1 Josephus 294
Ollivier .......296
Machiavelli .......299
Polybius ........310
Clarendon .......318
Ibn Khaldun .......321
Confucius ........328
Kant ........331
Dante ........331
Hamlet 33.
Puberty ........332
Penalized Minorities ......333
Barbarian Rear-guards ......335
Athens in the Second Chapter of the Growth of the Hellenic Society 336 Ionia in the First Chapter of the Growth of the Hellenic Society .338
The Achaean Confederacy in the First Chapter of the Disintegration of the Hellenic Society ......339
Italy in the Second Chapter of the Growth of the Western Society .341
England in the Third Chapter of the Growth of the Western Society 350 What is to be Russia`s Role in our Western History? ..363
The Working of Withdrawal-and-Retum in the Histories of Civilizations .......365
III. DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH GROWTH ....377
III. A, Annex I: The ‘Conductivity’ of Nomadism as illustrated in the
Diffusion of Languages ....391
Annex II: The Causes of the Occasional Eruptions of the Nomads out of their own Domain on the Steppes into the Adjoining Domains of the Sedentary Societies round about them ......395
Annex III: The Numerical Ratio between Subjects and Masters
in the Ottoman Empire and in Laconia ...455
C I (a) Annex: Some Make-Weights against Social Retardation in
the Geographical Expansion of the Western World 458
11 (b) Annex I: The Concept of the Second Coming in its Psychological Setting .....462
Annex II: The Political Career of Muhammad ...466
Annex III: The Relativity of Ibn Khaldun’s Historical Thought .473
Annex 1V: The Victory of the City-State Regime over the Kingdom-
State Regime in the Hellenic World ...477
INDEX TO VOLUMES I-III .....401