ISBN: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: 1983
Jezik: Engleski
Oblast: Katolicizam
Autor: Strani

Hardcover SIDGWICK AND JACKSON 280 pages Very good condition
The decade leading up to 1870 the Italian State dispossessed the Papacy of territory it had controlled since Pepin, King of the Franks, had bestowed it in 756. The Pope had temporal and spiritual sovereignty over the territory although liberals and anti-clericals opposed his claim to exercise temporal rule, arguing he should restrict his role to that of spiritual leader. In 1870 Victor Emmanuel of Italy sequested the Papal States, the French Republic endorsed an anti-clerical campaign, as did Bismarck in Prussia and Juarez in Mexico while the liberal Spanish government expelled the devout Queen Isabella in 1868. Civil Marriage and lay education was established in Austria-Hungary while Bakunin announced the death of Christianity. The Higher Criticism of German theologians was used to attack the concept of the supernatural while Auguste Comte proclaimed the religious and metaphysical phases of humanity had reached `the positive stage, in which the reign of science will replace belief in the supernatural`. Before asking Auguste Who? it`s worth remembering Marcellin Berthelot, French Minister of Education, confidently predicted, `By the year A.D. 2000, man will have gained in sweetness and morality, because he will have ceased to live by carnage and the destruction of his fellow creatures`.


For the Papacy the twentieth century effectively began in 1870 and Rhodes attempts `to describe the vicissitudes through which the Papacy passed under the four Popes of the `Liberal` era, from 1870 to 1922: Pius 1X, Leo X111, Pius X and Benedict XV.` Pius 1X was inaugurated in 1846 and immediately introduced a series of liberal reforms, including an amnesty for political prisoners, which attracted many revolutionary elements to Rome. In 1848 they murdered his new lay Prime Minister Rossi, besieged the Pope himself and shot his private secretary. He sought asylum with the King of Naples and fretted as the Triumvirate presiding over mob rule in Rome, declared a Republic, sacked churches and murdered priests, before being expelled by the French army. The experience turned Pius from a liberal into an arch-conservative. In 1870 he pushed through the dogma of Papal Infallibility stating `that the decisions of the Pope, speaking ex cathedra are infallible in all matters concerning faith and morals`. Secular rulers argued it created a conflict of dual citizenship between nation and Church. When Rome was invaded in 1870 the Pope and his successors refused to accept Italian citizenship and remained in the Vatican