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Žanr: Pop
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Studio album by Michael Jackson
Released October 30, 2001
Recorded October 1997 – September 2001
Studio
Hit Factory (New York City)Criteria (Miami)Marvin`s Room (Los Angeles)Darkchild (Los Angeles)Record Plant (Los Angeles)Future Recording (Norfolk, Virginia)Sony (New York City)Record One (Los Angeles)A Touch of Jazz (Philadelphia)Brandon`s Way Recording (Los Angeles)Capitol (Hollywood)
Genre
R&Bpopsoul
Length 77:01
Label
EpicMJJ
Producer
Michael JacksonRodney JerkinsTeddy RileyDr. FreezeAndre HarrisBabyfaceR. Kelly
Michael Jackson chronology
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Michael Jackson
(2000) Invincible
(2001) Love Songs
(2002)

Invincible is the tenth and final studio album by the American singer Michael Jackson, released on October 30, 2001, by Epic Records. It was Jackson`s last album before his death in 2009. It features appearances from Carlos Santana, the Notorious B.I.G., and Slash. It incorporates R&B, pop and soul, and similarly to Jackson`s previous material, the album explores themes such as love, romance, isolation, media criticism, and social issues.

The album`s creation was expensive and laborious, featuring the work of ten record producers and over 100 musicians. Jackson started the multi-genre production in 1997 and did not finish until eight weeks before the album`s release. It was reported that it cost $30 million to record; as of January 2024, it remains the most expensive album ever made. Jackson refused to tour to support it, adding to the growing rift between him and Sony Music Entertainment.[1] In July 2002, following Sony`s decision to abruptly end promotion for the album, Jackson alleged that the CEO of Sony Music, Tommy Mottola, was a `devil` and a racist who used his African American artists only for personal gain.

Invincible debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States and in ten other countries worldwide. It was certified double platinum in the US in January 2002 and has sold more than eight million copies worldwide. The lead single, `You Rock My World`, reached number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2002 Grammy Awards. `Cry` and `Butterflies` were also released as singles, and `Speechless` was released as a promotional single.

Invincible received mixed reviews and became Jackson`s most critically derided album. Retrospective reviews have been more positive, and it has been credited as featuring early examples of dubstep. In 2009, it was voted by online readers of Billboard as the best album of the 2000s decade.[2]

Production
Prior to the release of Invincible, Jackson had not released any new material since the remix album Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix in 1997. His last studio album was HIStory (1995). Invincible was therefore viewed as Jackson`s `career comeback`.[3]

Jackson began recording new material in October 1997, and finished with `You Are My Life` being recorded only eight weeks before the album`s release in October 2001 – the most extensive recording of Jackson`s career.[4] The tracks with Rodney Jerkins were recorded at the Hit Factory in Miami, Florida.[5] Jackson had shown interest in including a rapper on at least one song, and had said that he did not want a `known rapper`.[4] Jackson`s spokesperson suggested a New Jersey rapper named Fats; after Jackson heard the finished product of the song, the two agreed to record another song together for the album.[4]

Rodney Jerkins stated that Jackson was looking to record material in a different musical direction than his previous work, describing the new direction as `edgier`.[4] Jackson received credit for both writing and producing a majority of the songs on Invincible. Aside from Jackson, the album features productions by Jerkins, Teddy Riley, Andre Harris, Andraeo `Fanatic` Heard, Kenneth `Babyface` Edmonds, R. Kelly and Dr. Freeze Bill Gray and writing credits from Kelly, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne and Robert Smith.[6] The album is the third collaboration between Jackson and Riley, the other two being Dangerous and Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix. Invincible is Jackson`s tenth and final studio album to have been recorded and released during his lifetime.[7] It was reported that it cost thirty million dollars to make the album,[8] making it the most expensive album ever made.[9]

Invincible was dedicated to the fifteen-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy Benjamin `Benny` Hermansen who was stabbed to death by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo, Norway, in January 2001.[10] The reason for this tribute was partly due to the fact that another Oslo youth, Omer Bhatti, Jackson`s friend, was also a good friend of Hermansen.[10] The dedication in the album reads, `Michael Jackson gives `special thanks`: This album is dedicated to Benjamin `Benny` Hermansen. May we continue to remember not to judge a man by the color of his skin, but the content of his character. Benjamin ... we love you ... may you rest in peace.`[10] The album is also dedicated to Nicholette Sottile and Jackson`s parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson.[10]

Music and lyrics
Invincible is an R&B,[11] pop[3] and soul[12] record. The album`s full length lasts over 77 minutes and contains 16 songs – fourteen of which were written (or co-written) by Jackson. It was noted that the album shifts between aggressive songs and ballads.[13] Invincible opens with `Unbreakable`; the last line in the first verse recites the lyrics, `With all that I`ve been through/I`m still around`.[14] In a 2002 interview with the magazine Vibe, Jackson commented on his inspiration for writing `Speechless`, saying:

`You`ll be surprised. I was with these kids in Germany, and we had a big water-balloon fight – I`m serious – and I was so happy after the fight that I ran upstairs in their house and wrote `Speechless`. Fun inspires me. I hate to say that because it`s such a romantic song. But it was the fight that did it. I was happy, and I wrote it in it`s [sic] entirety right there. I felt it would be good enough for the album. Out of the bliss comes magic, wonderment, and creativity.`[15]

`Privacy`, a reflection on Jackson`s own personal experiences, is about media invasions and tabloid inaccuracies.[14] `The Lost Children` is about imperiled children.[14] Jackson sings in a third person in `Whatever Happens`. The song`s lyrics, described by Rolling Stone magazine as having a `jagged intensity`, narrate the story of two people involved in an unnamed threatening situation.[14] Invincible features four ballads: `You Are My Life`, `Butterflies`, `Don`t Walk Away` and `Cry`.[14] `Cry`, similar to Jackson`s `Man in the Mirror`, is about healing the world together.[3] The lyrics to `Butterflies` and `Break of Dawn` were viewed as `glaringly banal` and it was implied that they could have been written by anyone.[13] `Threatened` was viewed as being a storyteller.[14] The song was viewed as a `Thriller redux`.[13] The song `You Are My Life` is about Jackson`s two children at the time, Prince and Paris.[16] The song features Jackson singing, `You are the sun, you make me shine, more like the stars.`

Track listing
Invincible track listing
No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length
1. `Unbreakable` (feat. The Notorious B.I.G.)
Michael JacksonRodney JerkinsFred Jerkins IIILaShawn DanielsNora PayneRobert SmithChristopher George Latore Wallace
JacksonJerkins
6:25
2. `Heartbreaker` (feat. Fats)
JacksonJerkinsJerkins IIIDanielsMischkeNorman Gregg
JacksonJerkins
5:10
3. `Invincible` (feat. Fats)
JacksonJerkinsJerkins IIIDanielsGregg
JacksonJerkins
4:45
4. `Break of Dawn`
JacksonElliot Straite
JacksonDr. Freeze
5:32
5. `Heaven Can Wait`
JacksonTeddy RileyAndreao `Fanatic` HeardNate SmithTeron BealEritza LauesKenny Quiller
JacksonRileyHeard (co)Smith (co)
4:49
6. `You Rock My World`
JacksonJerkinsJerkins IIIDanielsPayne
JacksonJerkins
5:39
7. `Butterflies`
Andre HarrisMarsha Ambrosius
JacksonHarris
4:40
8. `Speechless` Jackson Jackson 3:18
9. `2000 Watts`
JacksonRileyTyrese GibsonJaRon Henson
JacksonRiley
4:24
10. `You Are My Life`
JacksonKenneth EdmondsCarole Bayer SagerJohn McClain
JacksonBabyface
4:33
11. `Privacy`
JacksonJerkinsJerkins IIIDanielsBernard Belle
JacksonJerkins
5:05
12. `Don`t Walk Away`
JacksonRileyRichard Carlton StitesReed Vertelney
JacksonRiley
4:25
13. `Cry` Robert Kelly
JacksonKelly
5:01
14. `The Lost Children` Jackson Jackson 4:00
15. `Whatever Happens`
JacksonRiley
JacksonRiley
4:56
16. `Threatened`
JacksonJerkinsJerkins IIIDaniels
JacksonJerkins
4:19
Total length: 77:01
Notes

The rap verse by the Notorious B.I.G. in `Unbreakable` was originally from the second verse of the song `You Can`t Stop the Reign` by Shaquille O`Neal.
`Break of Dawn`, `2000 Watts` and `Threatened` were excluded from the original release in China.[73] In the Chinese edition of the box set The Collection released in 2013, all 16 tracks are included.[74]
Credits
Personnel
Credits adapted from Invincible album liner notes.[6]

Michael Jackson – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1–7, 9–12, 15–16), arranger (8, 14), multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3), drum programming (4, 13), orchestral arrangements and conducting (8), keyboard programming (9, 13, 14)
Marsha Ambrosius – background vocals (track 7)
Maxi Anderson – vocals (track 8)
Gloria Augustus – vocals (track 8)
Babyface – acoustic guitar, bass guitar, background vocals, drum programming, and keyboards (track 10)
Tom Bahler – youth choir conductor (track 14)
Emanuel `Bucket` Baker – drums (track 11)
Rose Beatty – youth choir (track 14)
Edie Lehmann Boddicker – youth choir (track 14)
Robert Bolyard – youth choir (track 14)
Norman Jeff Bradshaw – horns (track 7)
Brandy – additional background vocals (track 1)
Stuart Brawley – whistle solo (track 15)
Mary Brown – additional background vocals (track 15)
Tim Brown – vocals (track 8)
Brad Buxer – drum programming (tracks 4, 13), keyboards (8), keyboard programming (9, 12, 14)
David Campbell – string arrangement (track 11)
Matt Cappy – horns (track 7)
Martha Cowan – youth choir (track 14)
Andraé Crouch – vocals (track 8)
Sandra Crouch – vocals (track 8)
Paulinho da Costa – percussion (track 13)
LaShawn Daniels – background vocals (tracks 2, 11)
Valerie Doby – vocals (track 8)
Dr. Freeze – background vocals (tracks 4, 5), multiple instruments (4)
Monique Donally – youth choir (track 14)
Kevin Dorsey – vocals (track 8)
Marja Dozier – vocals (track 8)
Alfie Silas Durio – vocals (track 8)
Nathan East – bass guitar (track 11)
Jason Edmonds – choir (track 10)
Geary Lanier Faggett – vocals (track 8)
Vonciele Faggett – vocals (track 8)
Fats – rap (tracks 2, 3)
Lynn Fiddmont-Lindsey – choir (track 10)
Kirstin Fife – violin (track 8)
Judy Gossett – vocals (track 8)
Harold Green – vocals (track 8)
Jonathon Hall – youth choir (track 14)
Justine Hall – youth choir (track 14)
Andre Harris – multiple instruments (track 7)
Scottie Haskell – youth choir (track 14)
Micha Haupman – youth choir (track 14)
Tess (Teresa) Escoto – youth choir (track 14)
Gerald Heyward – drums (track 11)
Tabia Ivery – choir (track 10)
Luana Jackman – youth choir (track 14)
Prince Jackson – narrative (track 14)
Rodney Jerkins – multiple instruments (1, 4, 6, 16), programming (2, 3)
Tenika Johns – vocals (track 8)
Angela Johnson – vocals (track 8)
Daniel Johnson – vocals (track 8)
Zaneta M. Johnson – vocals (track 8)
Laquentan Jordan – vocals (track 8)
R. Kelly – choir arrangement (track 13)
Peter Kent – violin (track 8)
Gina Kronstadt – violin (track 8)
Michael Landau – guitar (track 13)
James Lively – youth choir (track 14)
Robin Lorentz – violin (track 8)
Jeremy Lubbock – orchestral arrangements and conducting (tracks 5, 8, 15)
Brandon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)
Jonathon Lucas – youth choir (track 14)
Ricky Lucchse – youth choir (track 14)
Melissa MacKay – youth choir (track 14)
Alex Martinez – youth choir (track 14)
Howard McCrary – vocals (track 8)
Linda McCrary – vocals (track 8)
Sam McCrary – vocals (track 8)
Alice Jean McRath – vocals (track 8)
Sue Merriett – vocals (track 8)
Bill Meyers – string arrangements (track 10)
Mischke – background vocals (track 2)
Patrice Morris – vocals (track 8)
Kristle Murden – vocals (track 8)
The Notorious B.I.G. – rap (track 1)
Novi Novog – viola and contractor (track 8)
Nora Payne – background vocals (track 2)
Que – background vocals (track 5)
Teddy Riley – multiple instruments (track 5) additional background vocals (9)
John Robinson – drums (track 13)
Baby Rubba – narrative (track 14)
Carlos Santana – guitar and whistle solo (track 15)
Deborah Sharp-Taylor – vocals (track 8)
F. Sheridan – youth choir (track 14)
Slash – guitar solo (track 11)
Andrew Snyder – youth choir (track 14)
Sally Stevens – youth choir (track 14)
Richard Stites – additional background vocals (track 12)
Thomas Tally – viola (track 8)
Brett Tattersol – youth choir (track 14)
Ron Taylor – vocals (track 8)
Michael Thompson – guitar (track 11)
Chris Tucker – introduction (track 6)
Mario Vasquez – additional background vocals (track 15)
Johnnie Walker – vocals (track 8)
Nathan `N8` Walton – choir (track 10)
Rick Williams – guitar (track 15)
Yvonne Williams – vocals (track 8)
Zandra Williams – vocals (track 8)
John Wittenberg – violin (track 8)
Record production
Executive producer: Michael Jackson
Produced by Michael Jackson (all tracks), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Dr. Freeze (4), Teddy Riley (tracks 5, 9, 12, 15), Andre Harris (7), Babyface (10), R. Kelly (13)
Co-produced by Andreao `Fanatic` Heard` and Nate Smith (track 5), Richard Stites (12)
Recorded by Bruce Swedien (tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 15), Teddy Riley (5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (6, 11), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Gilderman (4, 6, 11, 13), Dexter Simmons (4, 6), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (6, 11), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Mike Ging (4, 13), Paul Boutin (10), Andre Harris (7), Humberto Gatica (4, 13)
Assistant engineers: Rob Herrera, Craig Durrance, Kevin Scott, Steve Robillard, Franny Graham, Richard Thomas Ash, Chris Carroll, Dave Ashton, Christine Tramontano, Vidal Davis (track 7)
Rap recorded by Bob Brown (tracks 2, 3)
Strings recorded by Tommy Vicari (track 10)
Assisted by Steve Genewick
Production coordinator: Ivy Skoff
Mixed by Bruce Swedien (tracks 1–3, 5–9, 12, 14–16), Teddy Riley (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Rodney Jerkins (1–3, 6, 11, 16), Michael Jackson (13), Mick Guzauski (13), Stuart Brawley (1–3, 16), George Mayers (4, 5, 9, 12, 15), Jean-Marie Horvat (11), Jon Gass (10), Humberto Gatica (4)
Assisted by Kb and EQ (track 10)
Mastered by Bernie Grundman
Digital editing by Stuart Brawley (tracks 1–4, 6, 8, 14, 16), Brad Buxer (8, 14), Rob Herrera, Harvey Mason, Jr. (4, 6, 11), Alex Greggs (2), Fabian Marasciullo (2), Paul Cruz (11), Paul Foley (1), George Mayers (5, 9, 12, 15)
Additional digital editing and engineering by Michael Prince
Art direction: Nancy Donald, David Coleman, Adam Owett
Cover design: Steven Hankinson
Photography: Albert Watson
Illustration: Uri Geller
Make-Up and hair: Karen Faye
Vocal consultant: Seth Riggs
Archivist: Craig Johnson