Tematika: Ostalo
ISBN: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: 1900 - 1949.
Autor: Domaći
Jezik: Francuski
Kulturno dobro: Predmet koji prodajem nije kulturno dobro ili ovlašćena institucija odbija pravo preče kupovine

Leon Savadjian - La Yougoslavie
Quelques Aspects Economiques et Financiers

Jugoslavija - Neki ekonomski i finansijski aspekti

La Revue Des Balkans, Pariz, 1930.
Meki povez, 38 strana, posveta i potpis autora.
IZUZETNO RETKO IZDANJE!



Léon Savadjian , born on September 12, 1890 in Belovo ( Bulgaria ) and died on September 5, 1948 in Monnetier-Mornex ( France ), was a Serbian journalist and publicist of Bulgarian-Armenian origin .
Léon Savadjian


He is recognized for his diplomatic and editorial work in favor of the pacification of the Balkans in the interwar period [ 1 ] . Initially an ardent patriot, he distinguished himself by breaking with the Bulgarian government during the First World War , strongly opposing his country`s alliance with the Central Powers .

Savadjian is best known for being one of the great promoters of inter-Balkan cooperation and the peaceful consolidation of Southeast Europe . Founder and editor of the Revue des Balkans (1919-1933), he also created important documentary research tools such as the Bibliographie balkanique and the Encyclopédie balkanique permanente [ 1 ] . Throughout his career, he advocated for the establishment of the Little Entente and ardently supported the Pact of the Balkan Entente signed in 1934.

His dedication to the cause of inter-Balkan peace earned him high distinctions, including the Cross of Commander of the Royal Order of Saint Sava (Yugoslavia) and the Cross of Officer of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece). Hunted by the Gestapo during the Second World War because of his political commitments, he was forced to flee the Balkans and go into hiding in France, where he died in 1948 [ 2 ] .
Summary

Biography
Family and youth

Léon Savadjian was born at the Belovo train station in the heart of Bulgaria [ 3 ] . His father, Hovhannès Savadjian , an Armenian native of Edirne , was a stationmaster in several Balkan cities, so the family moved frequently [ 4 ] . As stationmaster of Pazardjik , his father saved the town from a massacre during the Russo-Turkish War of 1878. Using his position, Hovhannès Savadjian intercepted a telegram from the Ottoman command ordering the town to be burned and the Bulgarian population exterminated in the face of advancing Russian troops. He altered the message to order the Turkish commander to retreat, allowing General Gourko `s Russian troops to enter an undamaged town the following day. This act earned him the nickname `The Savior of Pazardjik ` [ 4.1 ] . His mother Paraskeva Ivanova was a Bulgarian from Panagyurichté whose parents were killed during the April uprising [ 4.2 ] .

Léon Savadjian grew up in a large and patriotic family, alongside his sister Verginia, his brothers Diran, Efrat and Philippe, as well as his older adopted brother, Atanas, an orphan of the Batak massacre [ 4.3 ] .

His childhood was marked by the death of his father on October 14, 1906, and that of his mother two years later [ 4.4 ] . His older brothers, Atanas and Diran Savadjian, also became railway workers, while the three younger brothers were interested in journalism. During his youth, Léon Savadjian worked as a waiter at the National Library of Sofia [ 5 ] .

Savadjian began his career in provincial journalism at a young age, working in Pazardzhik and Plovdiv [ 6 ] . In his spare time, the young Savadjian also devoted himself to poetry, displaying the convictions of a fervent Bulgarian patriot and an admirer of the monarchy. In 1908, at a literary evening, he recited his own work, an Ode to Boris Sarafov , dedicated to the memory of this fighter for the Macedonian cause [ 3 ] . In September 1912, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria `s accession to the throne , he published a collection of highly laudatory sonnets entitled Book for the King (1887-1912) , which he dedicated to the royal family [ 5.1 ] .
Arrival in Paris

Leaving Sofia, Léon Savadjian settled in Paris in the autumn of 1913 [ 7 ] . That same year, he founded and directed L`Orient , a French-language newspaper distributed throughout Europe and America. Also serving as a Paris correspondent for several Bulgarian newspapers, he made it his mission to refute accusations leveled by Serbia and Greece and to defend the image of Bulgarian soldiers [ 3 ] . To this end, he enlisted the help of French journalists and friends of Bulgaria to write articles favorable to his country [ 5.2 ] . After failing to secure funding for his newspaper from the Bulgarian legation in Paris, Savadjian offered his services to the French police and intelligence services [ 7 ] .

Firmly opposing the clauses of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest , he published in France a pamphlet bordered in black as a sign of mourning, entitled The Anniversary of the Peace of Bucharest , in which he vigorously protested against the injustice done to his country by the detachment of Macedonia , Thrace , and Dobruja . Thus, during his early years in Paris, Léon Savadjian distinguished himself as a propagandist for the Bulgarian national ideal and a defender of the reunification of Macedonia with Bulgaria [ 3 ] .
Break with Bulgaria

At the beginning of the First World War , Léon Savadjian publicly argued that the vast majority of the Bulgarian people, deeply Russophile and Francophile, would eventually side with the Triple Entente [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] .

When King Ferdinand and the government of Vasil Radoslavov decided, in October 1915, to ally Bulgaria with the Central Powers and attack Serbia , Savadjian broke with his country`s leaders. He wrote a declaration on behalf of the Bulgarians residing in Paris, disapproving of this policy and affirming their formal refusal to take up arms against Russia and France, the liberating nations of Bulgaria [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] .

On orders from the Annemasse intelligence services, Savadjian was sent to Switzerland to monitor and probe the Bulgarian émigré community that had taken refuge there [ 14 ] . He left France in December 1915 and settled in Geneva , where he took over the management of theBalkan Agency and becomes correspondent for the Associated Press of Paris [ 15 ] . Through the Balkan Agency , Savadjian meets influential Bulgarian exiles and transmits directly to the office of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aristide Briand , detailed reports on his interviews and on the situation in Bulgaria [ 14 ] .

From Switzerland, in the company of young academics and lawyers working within the team of Eduard Beneš and Tomáš Masaryk , he led a campaign against the policies of Tsar Ferdinand and denounced the regime and the systematic assassinations perpetrated by Bulgarian troops in occupied Serbia and Macedonia [ 2 ] . In an attempt to silence him, the Bulgarian government applied inquisitorial methods and persecuted his brothers who remained in Bulgaria, holding them responsible for his political writings [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] .

Léon Savadjian`s political shift in favor of the Entente and his sharp criticisms of Tsar Ferdinand earned him deep hostility in Bulgaria [ 5.3 ] . His own brother, Philippe Savadjian, editor-in-chief of the Sofia Commercial Journal , publicly disowned him. In 1917, Philippe, then an officer in the Bulgarian army, wrote military reports calling his brother an ` infamous traitor ` and requested permission to combat his propaganda [ 5.4 ] . For the vast majority of the French press, Savadjian was considered a ` courageous Bulgarian publicist ` who denounced violations of international law committed by his own country [ 19 ] .

Despite his public commitment, Savadjian`s late conversion aroused skepticism among some Francophile intellectuals. The French historian Ernest Denis , writing in Le Monde slave in 1918, declared that he felt only ` mediocre sympathy ` for him. Denis distrusted this ` convert ` who had long vouched for Bulgaria`s good faith at the beginning of the conflict and who, in his view, waited until Serbia`s defeat to begin warning the Allies of the danger posed by the government in Sofia [ 20 ] .

Savadjian actively denounced the maneuvers and espionage networks of Bulgarian diplomats in Switzerland, particularly Minister Ivan Passaroff, and demanded the attention of the Swiss authorities [ 21 ] . Under pressure, the Swiss Federal Council finally ordered his expulsion in July 1917, accusing him of incessant attacks against a foreign sovereign and interference in Swiss affairs [ 22 ] . On July 31, 1917, he crossed the border and took refuge in Annemasse, France [ 23 ] .

From France, he continued his struggle. In 1918, he published a book, * Je dénonce * (I Denounce ), whose introduction into Switzerland was banned by censorship. This book compiled detailed documentation on the crimes committed by the Bulgarian army and the Germanization efforts [ 24 ] . He also attacked the new head of the Bulgarian government, Alexander Malinov , demonstrating in a pamphlet that since 1908 he had been a puppet and accomplice of the Central Powers and King Ferdinand [ 25 ] . Savadjian also became an agent for the Serbian cause. In February 1918, he received a Serbian passport from the consulate in Geneva. The Serbian government also provided him with financial assistance [ 7 ] . A few months later, on August 4, 1918, he addressed an open letter to the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson , which was published in the newspaper *Le Genevois *. In it, he denounces the ` systematic extermination ` and ` reign of terror ` imposed, according to him, by the Bulgarian army in occupied Serbia, while affirming that the Serbian nation is demonstrating selflessness and heroism in this conflict. [ 26 ]

In the autumn of 1918, faced with Bulgaria`s defeat and capitulation, he warned the Allies against any false repentance on Sofia`s part, asserting that the country had only yielded under military duress from the Entente in Macedonia. He demanded that extreme measures be taken to annihilate Bulgarian militarism and power, in order to definitively guarantee peace in the Balkans [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] . In the aftermath of the war, at the beginning of 1919, he founded the important Revue des Balkans (1919–1933) in Paris , now financed by the Greek government [ 7.1 ] . At the same time, to crown his war action, he sent a memorandum to the commission of the Peace Conference charged with examining the responsibilities for the conflict, drawing up a vigorous indictment to establish the personal guilt of the ex-Tsar Ferdinand in the outbreak of the war and the crimes committed during the occupation of Serbia [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] .

At the end of 1919, the Greek government sent him to the United States on a three-month, all-expenses-paid mission to conduct a fierce propaganda campaign in the American press in favor of Greece and against the Turks and Bulgarians. [31][ 32 ] Later , in 1926 , his brother Philip addressed an open letter to him accusing him of opportunism for having abandoned the cause of Bulgarian Macedonia in favor of Greek and Serbian interests, conveying to him ` the contempt of the entire Bulgarian people . ` [ 3 ] In Bulgarian public opinion and historiography, Savadjian was the target of fierce attacks. As early as 1919, Georges Maritzine published a pamphlet in Switzerland entitled The Detractors of the Bulgarian People , accusing them of being a ` renegade ` and of biting the hand of the country that had welcomed Armenian refugees [ 5 ] . The Bulgarian press sometimes referred to him as a ` cunning parasite ` [ 6 ] .
Balkan Entente

Throughout the 1920s, Savadjian directed his efforts toward the pacification of Southeast Europe. He became an advocate of a Balkan Locarno and a Little Entente , calling on the states of the peninsula to set aside their disputes and form a united bloc guaranteeing peace [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . In this capacity, he led a vigorous international campaign against Hungarian revisionism, which sought to alter the borders established by the Treaty of Trianon [ 35 ] . He notably denounced Lord Rothermere `s campaigns and published essays justifying the maintenance of the post-war borders and condemning the minority policy in Hungary [ 36 ] .

Savadjian notably suggested holding a historic conference in the Serbian city of Niš , a strategic railway hub, where the foreign ministers of Yugoslavia , Greece, and Bulgaria would solemnly proclaim peace and the maintenance of the territorial status quo [ 37 ] . To support this project, he traveled constantly between Paris, Belgrade, Athens, and Sofia, securing exclusive meetings with leading figures of the time, such as Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos , with whom he established close ties [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . Among other important figures in the Balkans, he met with the Yugoslav foreign ministers Momčilo Ninčić [ 33 ] and Vojislav Marinković [ 40 ] . In order to intensify this peaceful propaganda, he founded in 1929 the Balkan Correspondence , a weekly newspaper dealing with political issues in the region [ 41 ] . To support his campaigns, Savadjian regularly solicited the French intellectual elite, including Marie Curie [ 42 ] and Juliette Adam [ 43 ] .

Aware of the lack of centralized documentation on the region, Savadjian published the first volume of the Balkan Bibliography in 1931 , listing works published between 1920 and 1930 in Western languages ​​[ 44 ] . He made it an annual publication until the eve of the war, recognizing it as an indispensable working tool for historians and diplomats. In 1936, he launched the Permanent Balkan Encyclopedia , published in installments, offering up-to-date geographical, political, and economic data on the six countries of the peninsula [ 45 ] .

On the diplomatic front, Savadjian`s efforts culminated in a major achievement with the signing of the Balkan Entente Pact in February 1934, uniting Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania , and Turkey , which enshrined the peace and solidarity he had long desired [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] . However, the year 1934 was overshadowed by the tragic assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in Marseille, a sovereign whom Savadjian revered as ` the greatest architect of peace ` [ 48 ] .

In recognition of his work to bring people together, the King of Yugoslavia awarded him the Cross of Commander of the Order of Saint Sava , while the Greek government made him an Officer of the Order of the Phoenix [ 2 ] .

At the end of this period, as World War II broke out in 1939, Léon Savadjian was in Yugoslavia. Fleeing the Nazi advance and wanted by the Gestapo, he was forced to leave the Balkans and take refuge clandestinely in France, in Haute-Savoie, where he and his wife, Georgette Deldon, joined the French Resistance. Once peace returned, Savadjian and his wife settled again in the Annemasse region. He resumed his work as an editor and compiler to prepare the next volume of his major work, the Balkan Bibliography . Before he could publish this final work, Savadjian fell ill and died suddenly on September 5 , 1948, at the age of 58. [ 2 ]
Works

Railway workers (Железничари), Rousse, 1905
Let the flowers fade (Нека вехнат цветовете), Tarnovo, 1907
Ode to Boris Sarafov (Ода Борись Сарафову) , Ohrid, 1908
Snowflakes (Снежинки), Sofia, 1908
Book for the King 1887-1912 (Книга за царя 1887-1912), Sofia, 1912

Works

Bulgaria at War , Geneva, Georg, 1917
I denounce ! , Annemasse, P. Grandchamp, 1918
The Accomplices of Tsar Ferdinand: Alexandre Malinoff , Annemasse, P. Granchamp, 1918
Bulgaria at the Peace Conference , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1919
In Western Thrace , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1921
Kemalism against the Christians of Anatolia , Paris, Société générale d`imprimerie, 1922
The Agony of the Christians , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1923
The Rothermere Affair : The Campaign Against the Treaty of Trianon , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1928
The Forestry Industry in Yugoslavia , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1930
Trade with the Balkans , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1931
Yugoslav trade , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1931
Balkan Bibliography 1920-1930 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1931
Belgrade, capital of Yugoslavia , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1931
The Army of the Orient as seen 15 years later , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1932
Economic Dossier of the Balkans , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1932
Balkan Bibliography 1931-1932 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1933
The Origins and Responsibilities of the World War , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1933
Yugoslav Bibliography 1933 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1934
Balkan Bibliography 1933 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1934
Balkan Bibliography 1934 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1935
Balkan Bibliography 1935 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1936
The Permanent Balkan Encyclopedia , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1936
Balkan Bibliography 1936 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1937
Balkan Bibliography 1937 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1938
Balkan Bibliography 1938 , Paris, Revue des Balkans, 1939

Bibliography

The detractors of the Bulgarian people: Léon Savadjian , by Georges Maritzine, Buhler & Weder, 1919