ISBN: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: 19??
Jezik: Engleski
Autor: Strani

SIR ERNST BARKER

THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE

Izdavač - Dover Publications, New York

Godina - 19??

576 strana

24 cm

Povez - Broširan

Stanje - Kao na slici, tekst bez podvlačenja



SADRŽAJ:
INTRODUCTION
Origin of political thought in Greece, 1. The Greek idea of the State, 2. Constitutional changes and political thought, 3. Variety of types leading to discussion, 4. Greek political thought connected with Ethics, 5. Consequent peculiarities of Greek thought, 7. TOλITIKh a practical science, 8. Political Science a Science or an Art ? 10. Distinction of State and Society, 11. Athens and Sparta, 13. Connection of philosophy and practice

CHAPTER I - THE PRE-SOCRATICS, SOCRATES, AND THE MINOR SOCRATICS
PROVERBIAL THOUGHT AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE
§ 1. Proverbial Philosophy, 17. § 2. Pythagoreanism, 19. Pythagoreans in politics, 21. Heraclitus, 22. Natural analogies in political thought at Athens

THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
§ 3. Disturbance of ancient custom, 28. Anthropology, 29. The Sophists, 30. Protagoras and Gorgias, 31. Man the maker, 32. Meaning of `Nature in the sphere of morality, 33. Might is Right, 35. Social Contract, 36. Superiority of a State of Nature, 37. General iconoclasm, 38. The Sophists and the Encyclopædists, 40. Political Pamphlets, 42. Ideal Constitutions

SOCRATES AND HIS LESSER FOLLOWERS
§ 4. Know Thyself, 46. Socrates a prophet, 48. Scientific Thinking, 49. Aristocratic tendency of Socrates` politics, 51. Socrates a Conservative, 52. And yet a Radical, 52. Overintellectualism of Socrates` views, 54. § 5. Xenophon`s Cyropædia, 55. Cynic cosmopolitanism, 56. The Cyrenaics

CHAPTER II - PLATO AND THE PLATONIC DIALOGUE: THE DEFENCE OF SOCRATES
THE LIFE OF PLATO
§ 1. Plato and Socrates, 61. Plato a practical Reformer

THE METHOD OF PLATO
§ 2. The use of the dialogue, 64. Criticism of common opinion, 65. Use of analogy, 66. Dangers of analogy

THE EARLIER DIALOGUES OF PLATO
§ 3. The Apology: a defence of resistance, 68. The Crito: an explanation of obedience, 69. Virtue is knowledge, and therefore teachable, 71. The Meno, 71. The Protagoras: the Sophist`s view, 72. Socrates` refutation of Protagoras, 74. The Euthydemus on political art, 75. The Gorgias: concerning shams, 76. Sham statesmanship

CHAPTER III
THE REPUBLIC, OR CONCERNING JUSTICE
THE PLAN AND MOTIVES OF THE REPUBLIC
§ 1. Plan of the Republic, 81. Division of the Republic, 83. The Republic and Economics, 84. § 2. The Republic directed against the Sophists, 85. Attack on contemporary politics, 87. Political ignorance, 88. Political selfishness, 89. Connection of Sophistic teaching and contemporary politics, 91. Plato`s remedy

THE PRIMA FACIE THEORY OF JUSTICE
§ 3. Thrasymachus` definition of Justice, 95. Plato`s formal reply, 96. Glaucon`s conception of Justice, 99. Objections to Glaucon`s conception, 99. Plato`s methods of answering Glaucon

PLATO`S CONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE AND DISCOVERY OF TRUE JUSTICE
§ 4. Parallel of man and the State, 102. Plato`s psychology, 103. Psychological construction of a State, 104. (i.) Appetitive or economic element, 105. (ii.) Spirited or military element, 107. (iii.) Rational or governing element, 108. Character of the Government, 110. Three-class system, 112. Criticism of class-system, 113. Advantages of division, 114. Justice discovered in the State, 115. Value of Plato`s conception of Justice

PLATO`S THEORY OF EDUCATION
§ 5. A new education propounded, 119. Contemporary Greek education, 120. Plato`s use of existing materials, 122. Psychological basis of his scheme, Education in its various stages, 123. Instruments of education, 124. Good, 125. Education culminates in the Idea of the Idea of the Good. The State and its rulers in relation to the idea of the Good 127. Art as an instrument of education, 128. Moral reform of Art, 129. The morality of Art, 131. Province of the State in respect of Art, 132. The education of reason, 134. Relation of the trained ruler to the State

COMMUNISM
§ 6. Relation of Platonic Communism to Education, 138. Communism necessary to the rule of reason, 139. (i.) Communism of property: its scope and character, 141. (ii.) Communism of wives, 143. Plato`s dislike of the household, 143. The emancipation of women, 144. Plato`s scheme of marriage, 145. § 7. Low view of marriage, 148. Plato`s asceticism, 149. Reactionary spirit of the Republic, 150. Relation of communism to personality, 153. Plato destroys the basis of personality, 155. Organic Theory of the State, 157. Limitations of that theory, 158. The Republic as an ideal, 160. Plato and the tyranny of reason

CHAPTER IV - PLATO`S VIEW OF MONARCHY, AND OF THE MIXED STATE
THE ABSOLUTE MONARCH
§ 1. The Republic and absolute monarchy, 164. The aim of the Politicus, 165. Be Knowledge the criterion of the Statesman, 166. The Statesman and the Law, 167. The Monarch as making for harmony, 169. Monarchy a flexible government

PLATO`S CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
§ 2. Value of the Republic as an ideal standard, 172. Previous attempts at classification, 173. Platonic Classification

CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
§ 3. Plato`s sketch of changes not historical, 176. The practical purpose of the sketch, 178. The successive changes, 179. Plato`s view of democracy

THE LAW STATE AND THE MIXED CONSTITUTION
§ 4. New Atmosphere of the Laws, 183. The Laws and Aristotle`s Politics, 184. The Laws in relation to the Republic, 185. The State based on will, 186. Conception of law as the expression of rational will, 187. Plato`s opinion of contemporary constitutions, 189. Historical sketch of the growth of the State, 190. Necessity of a mixed constitution, 191. Mixture of monarchy and democracy, 193. § 5. Foundation of a colony, 194. Government of the colony, 195. Economic structure of the colony, 197. Aristotle`s criticism of the State of the Laws, 198. Defects of the State of the Laws, 200. Education in the Laws, 202. Theory of punishment, 203. Epilogue to the Laws

CHAPTER V
ARISTOTLE HIS LIFE AND TIMES: THE PLACE OF THE POLITICS IN HIS SYSTEM
THE SOURCES OF THE POLITICS
§ 1. Aristotle`s relation to his predecessors, 208. Respect for popular opinion, Extent of his political information

THE LIFE OF ARISTOTLE
§ 2. Aristotle`s early life, 213. Aristotle in Macedonia, 214. Aristotle and Athens

THE TELEOLOGY OF ARISTOTLE
§ 3. Aristotle`s conception of Form, 218. Teleological view of the world, 219. Conception of Nature, 220. Relation of Nature and Art, 222. The end as the cause of development, 223. The end as giving an organic conception of the State, 224. Criticism of the teleological method, 226. The kingdom of ends, 227. The end as criterion of classification and standard of distribution, 228. The end as limit, 229. The mean

ARISTOTLE`S CONCEPTION OF THE UNITY OF THE STATE
§ 4. Aristotle`s conception of Unity, 231. The nature of an association, 232. Criticism of Plato, 233. The State as a Compound, 234. Inner Unity of the State: Justice and Friendship

ETHICS AND POLITICS
§ 5. Division of Sciences, 237. Aristotle`s conception of Political Science, 238. Political Science the master science, 239. Stages of moral growth, 241. The end of Life, 242. Scope of Political Science, 244. Connection of politics and ethics, 245. Extent to which politics and ethics can be connected, 246. Relation of Aristotle`s Politics to his Ethics, 247. Ethics static: Politics dynamic, 249. Difficulties and discrepancies

FORM AND TEXT OF THE POLITICS
§ 6. Aristotle`s method, 251. A constant discussion of current opinion, 252. Analysis, 254. Politics lecture-notes, 255. Reasons for this view, 256. Publication of the Politics, 257. Division into books, 258. Order of the books, 260. Politics unfinished, 261. Plan of the Politics,

CHAPTER VI
THE TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE STATE
THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE
§ 1. Beginning of the Politics, 264. Natural origin of the State in human wants, 265. Growth of the household, 266. The village, 267. Development of the State, 268. The State a wider self, 269. The State natural, 269. The State based on reason, 271. Answer to Cynics and Sophists, 271. Aristotle`s sketch and Greek History, 274. Patriarchal theory

THE ORGANIC CHARACTER OF THE STATE
§ 2. Use of term `organic` in Aristotle, 276. The State organic as an association, 277. State prior to individual because organic, 278. Other instances of an organic conception, 278. Limitations of an organic theory

THE END OF THE STATE
§ 3. The State`s end a moral life, 281. The nature of happiness, 283. Need of material good things for happiness, 284. (i.) Moral life of State same as that of an individual, but with a distinction, 286. (ii.) Happiness of State same as that of an individual, 287. Should a State seek happiness in a life of action, or one of peace? 288. The practical and the philosophic life for the individual, 289. Identification of State and individual

CHAPTER VII
THE STATE AS A COMPOUND
THE UNITS OF THE COMPOUND
§ 1. The State as a compound, 293. Nature of citizenship, 294. Citizenship primary, 295. Narrow circle of citizens, 296. Modern citizenship less intense, though more extensive, 297. Citizen and `subject,` 299. Creation of citizens

THE SCHEME OF COMPOSITION
§ 2. The identity of the State resides in the constitution, 301. Nature of the constitution a vital thing, 303. The constitution as determining the end of the State, 305. Constitution and government

THE CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
§ 3. Standards of classification-end of State, and spirit of government, 307. Standard of Two main types of constitutions: their subdivision, 311. subdivision-social class, 312. Classification in later books of the Politics, 314. Classification according to distribution of functions, 316. value of Aristotle`s scheme, 317. Aristotle and Plato

CHAPTER VIII
ARISTOTLE`S CONCEPTIONS OF LAW AND JUSTICE
NATURE AND SPHERE OF LAW
§ 1. Law catholic and positive, 321. Law and the legislator, 322. Law as a spiritual force, 323. Stability of Law, 325. Law natural, 326. Conventional element in Law, 327. Law and the `god among men,` 328. Prerogative versus constitutionalism, 330. Discussion of Platonic monarchy, 332. The parallel from the arts, 333. Law sovereign; but who shall supplement Law? 335. Final answer of Aristotle

JUSTICE
§ 2. I. Justice as complete virtue, 337. II. Particular Justice, 338. Peculiarities of Aristotle`s conception of Particular Justice, 340. (a) Corrective Justice, 343. (b) Theory of Distributive Justice, 345. Differences of democratic and oligarchic conceptions of Distributive Justice, 345. Distributive Justice as rewarding capacity, 347. Various qualifications for office, 348. Qualifications of the Few, 350. Claims of the Many, 350. Aristotle`s recognition of the claims of the Many, 352. Liberty in Aristotle, 354. Equality in Aristotle

CHAPTER IX
ARISTOTLE`S PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
THE SPHERE OF ECONOMICS
§ 1. Meaning of oikovoμikh, 357. Divisions of Economics, 358.

THE THEORY OF SLAVERY



§ 2. Aristotle defends the natural origin of slavery, 359. Character of Greek Slavery, 360. Aristotle`s definition of the slave, 361. Slavery justified by the analogy of Nature, 363, and by the character of the slave, 364. Criticism of Aristotle`s theory, 364. The right to liberty, 367. Defence of Aristotle, 368. (i.) Aristotle rejects as wrong the slavery of Greeks (`legal` slavery), 368. (ii.) Aristotle only defends slavery where it is morally justifiable, 369. (iii.) Higher activities involve a basis of lower labour, 370. How far we have risen above Aristotle`s position

ARISTOTLE`S THEORY OF WEALTH AND ITS PRODUCTION
§ 3. Definition of wealth, 373. Wealth limited in amount, 374. Two methods of acquiring wealth, 375. Reactionary character of Aristotle`s economics, 375. The rise of unnatural acquisition, 377. The introduction of money, 378. Value of money-conventional or natural? 379. The middleman condemned, 381. The middleman performs an economic service, 383. The ethics of commerce, 384. Interest condemned by Aristotle, 385. How far Aristotle`s condemnation of interest was justified, 386. Influence of Aristotle`s theory of commerce and interest in the Middle Ages, 387. Nicholas Oresme, 388. False `asceticism` of Aristotle`s economics

ARISTOTLE`S THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION
§ 4. Aristotle objects to common ownership of land, 391. Grounds of his objection, 391. Moral justification of private property, 393. True communism spiritual, not material, 394. Justice of Aristotle`s criticism of Plato

THE DEFENCE OF THE FAMILY
§ 5. Aristotle defends the family against Plato, 397. Moral justification of the family, 398. The State as an association of families, 400.
§ 6. Aristotle`s criticism of Platonic striving for Unity, 401. Validity of Aristotle`s criticism, 402. True nature of the State`s unity

CHAPTER X
THE IDEAL STATE AND ITS SCHEME OF EDUCATION
THE EXTERNAL FEATURES OF THE IDEAL STATE
§ 1. The population: its quantity, 406. The limited size of Aristotle`s ideal State and its reasons, 407. The quality of the population, 409. Agricultural class one of slaves, 410. The territory of the ideal State, 411. The city, 411. Should the city be situated by the sea? 412. The construction of the city, 414. Division of the territory

THE ORGANISATION OF THE IDEAL STATE
§ 2. The parts of the State, 417. The allocation of the functions of government, 419. Moderate and almost democratic character of Aristotle`s ideal State

ARISTOTLE`S THEORY OF EDUCATION
§ 3. Aristotle`s general view of education, 423. Contrast with modern views, 424. Psychological basis of Aristotle`s scheme of education, 426. The State as the one educational authority, 428. Aim of education the supremacy of reason, 428. Regulation of marriage, 430. Early years, 431. Contemporary curriculum, 432. Aristotle`s theory of gymnastics, 432. Cultivation of the Mean in gymnastics, 433. Physical training to-day, 434. Purpose of education in the Arts, 435. The value of musical instruction, 435. (a) Music as a means of relaxation, 436. (b) Music as an employment of leisure, 437. (c) Music as an agent of moral instruction, 438. Music produces the clearest image of virtue, 439. (d) Music as a means of purification, 441. Aristotle`s scheme of education and that of Plato

CHAPTER XI
ACTUAL STATES AND THE LINES OF THEIR REFORM
THE SCOPE OF ARISTOTLE`S PLAN
§ 1. Scope of Political Science, 444. Constitutional changes, 445. Oligarchy and democracy the two main types

GREEK DEMOCRACY AND GREEK OLIGARCHY
§ 2. Causes of different species of democracies, 446. Main varieties of democracy: (a) Democracy of farmers, 448. Farmer democracy and the ancestral constitution, 449. (b) and (c) Middle forms of democracy, 451. (d) Extreme democracy; its origin and character, 452. Means of preserving extreme democracy, 454. Extreme democracy at Athens, 455. Views of democracy entertained by Thucydides, Plato, and Aristotle, 459. Comparison of Aristotle`s views of democracy with modern views, 460. Modern democracy combined with representative institutions, 461. Need of a strong executive in modern democracies, 463. Ancient democracy not aristocratic, 463. Real differentia of ancient democracy; centralisation of all power in one primary assembly, 464.
§ 3. Varieties of oligarchy, 466. Two main forms of oligarchy, 468. Estimate of the meaning of Greek oligarchy, 470. Deterioration of oligarchy in the fourth century

THE MIXED CONSTITUTION
§ 4. The need of a non-sectional government, 471. Doctrine of the Mean, 472. The ` mean `State not the ideal State, 473. Rule of the middle class, 474. Why the middle class was ineffective in Greek politics, 475. `Polity` a mixed constitution, 477. Instances of mixed constitutions, 478. Previous history of the conception of a mixed constitution, 480. The mixed constitution in later Greek theory, 482. Montesquieu`s theory of a division of The mixed constitution in regard to the classification of powers, 484 States, 485.

THE THEORY OF SEDITION AND ITS CURES
§ 5. Causes of oráσis, 486. Economics and politics, 488. Methods of preserving constitutions, 489. Tyranny-its rise and character, 492. Preservation of tyranny

EPILOGUE
THE LATER HISTORY OF THE POLITICS
§ 1. The death of the City-State, 497. Stoic cosmopolitanism, 498. Political theory of the Medieval Church, 499
§ 2. Adoption of Aristotle by the Medieval Church, 500. Preparation for
Aristotle, 501. Reception of Aristotle, 504. St. Thomas Aquinas, 505. The school of Aquinas, 508. Dante, 509. Marsilio of Padua, 510. Machiavelli
§ 3. The revolt against Aristotelianism, 516. Spinoza and Hobbes, 517. Political science legal and non-ethical, 518.
§ 4. Renovatio imperii Aristotelici-Rousseau and Hegel

APPENDIX A
A newspaper entitled Observations on Aristotle`s Politics

APPENDIX B
The later history of the Republic


`The reprinting of this work should be hailed not only by students of political science, but by virtually every person interested in the history of Western thought, social organization, and culture; and it might not be amiss to include here everyone interested in modern political theory. There is hardly an aspect of Western political thought that does not reflect the concepts of political theory formulated in the `Republic` of Plato or the `Politics` of Aristotle. These, and other works of Plato and Aristotle remain the most profound investigations of the sources of state power, the nature of political organization, the aims of the state, citizenship, justice, law, and other basic political concepts. No worthwhile theory of politics is ever likely to be written that does not base itself on a consideration of these writings. Although the first portion of this book, about Plato, was later enlarged, the portion about Aristotle has remained unavailable.

Ernest Barker`s THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE remains one of the clearest and most accurate expositions of the corpus of Greek political thought. It is listed as a standard source in Dutcher`s `A Guide to Historical Literature,` Shaw`s `List of Books for College Libraries,` and other authoritative bibliographies. One of the most comprehensive works in its area, it provides, in addition to extensive point-by- point discussions of the `Republic` and the `Politics,` critical examinations of the `Ethics` of Aristotle, and of many crucial dialogues of Plato. Further, it considers the origin of these ideas in the Greek political experience and in the contributions of other Greek theorists, including Heraclitus, Pythagoras and ather Sophists, the Cyrenaics, and the Encyclopaedists. This classic of scholarship also includes epilogues which con- sider how Greek political ideas were modified by Aquinas, Marsilio of Padua, Machiavelli, Spinoza, Hobbes, Rousseau, and Hegel.`



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