ISBN: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: ....
Autor: Domaći
Jezik: Engleski
Oblast: Imunologija

INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA PROBIOTICS AND PREBIOTICS
Rok Orel
------------------------------Crevna mikrobiota: Probiotici i prebioticiCrevna mikrobiota: Probiotici i prebiotici...➡️
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CONTENTS
Preface 10
Contributors 12
Overview of the Human Intestinal Microbiota 25
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 25
2.Source of colonization ...................................................................................................................... 26
3.Role of the colonizing microbiota in human health and disease .................................................... 27
4.Composition – what is there? ........................................................................................................... 28
5.Function – what are they doing? ..................................................................................................... 29
6.The role of diet in influencing composition of the microbiota ........................................................ 30
7. Conclusions....................................................................................................................................... 31
8. References ......................................................................................................................................... 33
The Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota 36
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 36
2.The normal response associated with immune tolerance ............................................................... 37
3.Organisation of the mucosal immune system ................................................................................. 38
4.Innate immunity and the flora ........................................................................................................ 38
5.Adaptive immunity and gut flora .................................................................................................... 40
6.The establishment and maintenance of oral tolerance to antigens and gut flora .......................... 43
7.Development of intestinal inflammation......................................................................................... 43
8. References ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Dysbiosis – the Concept of Dysfunctional Intestinal Microbiota 50
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 50
2.The concept of dysbiosis ................................................................................................................... 51
3.Dysbiosis in various clinical disorders ............................................................................................. 51
4. Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 53
5. References ......................................................................................................................................... 53
Probiotics – Historical Overview, General Concepts and Mechanism of Action 57
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 57
2.The first concepts of probiotics ......................................................................................................... 57
3.Evolution of definitions .................................................................................................................... 59
4.From the concept of probiotics to the science of probiotics ............................................................. 60
5.Required attributes of probiotics ...................................................................................................... 61
6.Mechanisms of probiotic function ................................................................................................... 63
7. References ......................................................................................................................................... 67
Breast Milk: a Source of Bacteria for the Infant Gut 70
1.Breast milk: a complex symbiotic food ............................................................................................ 70
2.Bacterial diversity of breast milk ..................................................................................................... 71
3.How do bacteria reach breast milk? ................................................................................................ 72
4.Mother-to-infant transfer of bacteria through breast milk............................................................. 77
5.Functions of breast milk bacteria in the infant gut......................................................................... 79
6. References ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Infant Formula 93
1. Background....................................................................................................................................... 93
2.Probiotics or prebiotics? .................................................................................................................. 95
3.Effects on gastrointestinal function.................................................................................................. 96
4.Effects on the immune system .......................................................................................................... 97
5.Effects on infections .......................................................................................................................... 98
6.Effects on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) ..................................................................................... 103
7.Effects on allergy............................................................................................................................. 104
8.Safety and side effects ..................................................................................................................... 107
9. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 108
10. References ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections 117
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 117
2.Mechanism of action ...................................................................................................................... 118
3.Currently available evidence - probiotics ...................................................................................... 119
4.Currently available evidence – prebiotics ...................................................................................... 122
5. Synbiotics ........................................................................................................................................ 124
6.Studies performed in adult populations ........................................................................................ 124
7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 125
8. References ....................................................................................................................................... 125
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Treatment and Prevention of Gastrointestinal Infections
129
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 129
2. Probiotics ........................................................................................................................................ 130
3. Prebiotics ........................................................................................................................................ 136
4. Synbiotics ........................................................................................................................................ 138
5.Conclusions and future directions ................................................................................................. 139
6. References ....................................................................................................................................... 140
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea 144
1. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea....................................................................................................... 144
2.Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea ...................................................................................... 145
3.Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by probiotics .......................................................... 148
4.Prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by probiotics ................. 152
5.Fecal transplantation for the treatment of CDAD ........................................................................ 156
6.Promising alternative biological therapies for CDAD .................................................................. 157
7. Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 158
8. References ....................................................................................................................................... 159
Helicobacter pylori Infection – What Place Does Probiotic Use Have in Its Treatment?
164
1. Helicobacter pylori ......................................................................................................................... 164
2. Probiotics ........................................................................................................................................ 166
3.The gastric microbiota.................................................................................................................... 166
4.The proposed mechanisms of probiotic action against H. pylori .................................................. 166
5.H. pylori and probiotics ................................................................................................................. 167
6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 171
7. References ....................................................................................................................................... 172
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease 176
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 176
2.Gastrointestinal microorganisms and IBD.................................................................................... 177
3.Mechanisms of probiotic and prebiotic effects in IBD .................................................................. 179
4.Clinical evidence of efficacy of probiotics in IBD .......................................................................... 180
5.Treatment of active ulcerative colitis ............................................................................................. 181
6.Maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis .............................................................................. 187
7.Treatment and prevention of pouchitis ......................................................................................... 189
8.Treatment of active Crohn’s disease ............................................................................................... 193
9.Clinical evidence of efficacy of prebiotics in IBD .......................................................................... 197
10. Conclusions................................................................................................................................... 199
11. References ..................................................................................................................................... 200
Probiotics and Prebiotics in Prevention and Therapy of Allergy 210
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 210
2.Role of intestinal bacteria in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases ............................................... 210
3.Putative mechanisms of action of probiotics and prebiotics ......................................................... 211
4.Clinical evidence of probiotics and prebiotics efficacy in allergic diseases .................................. 213
5. Eczema............................................................................................................................................ 214
6. Food allergy .................................................................................................................................... 223
7. Bronchial asthma ........................................................................................................................... 224
8. Allergic rhinitis ............................................................................................................................... 227
9.Safety aspects of probiotics in prevention and therapy of allergy ................................................. 228
10. References ................................................................................................................................... 229
Intestinal Microbiota, Probiotics and Prebiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal
Disorders 236
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 236
2.The role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the pathophysiology of FGIDs ................................... 239
3.The efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of FGIDs ........................................... 242
4.Functional abdominal pain-related disorders and irritable bowel syndrome ............................. 242
5. Functional constipation ................................................................................................................. 254
6. Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 258
7. References ...................................................................................................................................... 259
Probiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders of Infancy 270
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 270
2. Infant colic ...................................................................................................................................... 271
3. Infant regurgitation ........................................................................................................................ 273
4. Microbiota-gut-brain axis ............................................................................................................. 275
5.Role of probiotics ........................................................................................................................... 278
6.Clinical efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics in infants with FGIDs ............................................ 279
7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 281
8. References ....................................................................................................................................... 281
Emerging Fields of Probiotic and Prebiotic Use 286
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 286
2.Recombinant probiotics: from microbiota to pharmabiota .......................................................... 286
3.Probiotics as tool for colon-targeted drug delivery system............................................................ 288
4.Role of probiotics in the prevention of obesity ............................................................................... 289
5.Prebiotics: a prerequisite for synbiotics.......................................................................................... 291
6. Future perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 292
7. References ....................................................................................................................................... 294

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