ISBN: 0471590304
Godina izdanja: 1970
Oblast: Biologija
Jezik: Engleski
Autor: Strani

Geoffrey A. Meek - Practical Electron Microscopy for Biologist
Wiley-Interscience, London, 1970
498 str.
tvrdi povez
stanje: vrlo dobro, otpis iz biblioteke, Ex-library.

PART ONE: THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
1. Some Basic Principles of Optics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Magnification, Resolution and Contrast
1.3 Units of Length in Microscopy
1.4 Geometrical Optics
1.5 Glass and Electron Lenses
1.6 Ray Diagrams
1.7 Real Images
1.8 Virtual Images
1.9 Angular Aperture
1.10 The Function of the Microscope
1.11 The Simple Microscope
1.12 The Compound Microscope
1.13 Physical Optics
1.14 Interference
1.15 Diffraction
1.16 Fresnel Fringes
1.17 Electron Fresnel Fringes
1.18 The Airy Disc
1.19 Resolving Power
2. The Development and Classification of Electron Microscopes
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
2.2 The X-Ray Microscope
2.3 Electron Waves
2.4 The Idea of the Electron Microscope
2.5 The Development of the Magnetic Lens
2.6 The Development of the Electron Microscope
2.7 The Classification of Electron Microscopes
3. Some Properties of Magnetic Electron Lenses
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Magnetic Lenses
3.3 Hysteresis.
3.4 The Polepiece Lens
3.5 Lens Aberrations
3.6 Spherical Aberration
3.7 Distortion
3.8 Image Rotation.
3.9 Astigmatism
3.10 Chromatic Aberration
3.11 Chromatic Change in Magnification
3.12 Depth of Field and Focus
4. Contrast and Image Formation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Specimen
4.3 Image Forming Processes
4.4 Scattering
4.5 Mass Thickness.
4.6 Absorption
4.7 Image Formation
4.8 The Objective Aperture
4.9 Defocus Contrast
4.10 Phase Contrast
4.11 Electron Noise
4.12 Contrast in Biological Specimens.
4.13 Specimen Thickness and Accelerating Potential
5. The Modern Transmission Electron Microscope
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lens Construction
5.3 Physical Lens Apertures
5.4 Double Lenses
5.5 The Column
5.6 The Illuminating System
5.7 The Objective Lens
5.8 The Imaging System
5.9 Alignment and Astigmatism Correction
. The Vacuum System
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Units and Terminology
6.3 Vacuum Requirements
6.4 High Vacuum Production
6.5 The Diffusion Pump
6.6 The Mechanical Pump
6.7 Condensable Vapours
6.8 The Low Vacuum Reservoir
6.9 The Desiccator.
6.10 The Three-Stage System
6.11 Pumping Speed.
6.12 Vacuum Indicators
6.13 The Pirani Gauge
6.14 The Penning or Philips Gauge
6.15 Design of the Pumping System
6.16 Operation of the Pumping System
6.17 Valves
6.18 Vacuum Automation.
6.19 Safety Systems and Alarms
6.20 Contamination
6.21 Anticontaminators
6.22 Cryopumps
6.23 Vacuum Seals
`. The Electronic System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stability Requirements
7.3 Power Supply Requirements
7.4 Stabilizers.
7.5 The Electronic Valve
7.6 The Valve Stabilizer
7.7 Stabilization Factor
7.8 Practical Stabilizer Circuits
7.9 High Voltage Stabilization
7.10 Filament Voltage Supply
7.11 Electron Gun Bias Supply
8. The Choice of an Electron Microscope
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Instruments
8.3 Medium-Performance Instruments
8.4 High-Performance Instruments
8.5 Second-Hand Instruments
8.6 Prices
8.7 Specifications of Commercial Electron Microscopes
9. Installation
9.1 General
9.2 Vibration.
9.3 External Magnetic Fields
9.4 Water Supply
9.5 Electricity Supply
9.6 Radiation Hazards
9.7 The Microscope Room
9.8 Delivery
9.9 Instruction
PART 2: USING THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
10. Basic Operational Procedures
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microscope Controls
10.3 Grouping of Controls
10.4 Switching on from Cold
10.5 Obtaining and Centring a Beam
10.6 Gun Controls
10.7 Centre and Saturate the Gun
10.8 Adjusting Image Brightness
10.9 Adjusting the Illuminating System
10.10 Inserting a Specimen and Obtaining an Image
10.11 Scanning the Specimen at Low Magnification
10.12 Inserting and Centring the Objective Aperture
10.13 Changing Magnification
10.14 Choice of Electron Optical Magnification
10.15 Focusing at Low Magnifications
10.16 Methods of Focusing
10.17 Image Faults at Low Magnifications
10.18 Taking a Micrograph
10.19 Exposure Procedure.
10.20 Shutting Down
10.21 Column Alignment
10.22 Align Illuminating System (Single Condenser Operation)
10.23 Align Illumination System (Double Condenser Operation)
10.24 Alignment of Imaging System
10.25 Quick Alignment Check
10.26 Accuracy Required
10.27 Other Methods of Operation
11. High Resolution Operation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Practical High Resolution.
11.3 Test for Electronic Stability
11.4 Astigmatism
11.5 The Stigmator
11.6 Deastigmating the Objective Lens
11.7 Deastigmating the Condenser
11.8 Causes of Astigmatism
11.9 Focusing for High Resolution
11.10 Maximum Contrast Focusing
11.11 Fresnel Fringe Focusing
11.12 A High-Resolution Session
12. Performance Measurement
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Grid
12.3 Filmed Grids
12.4 Test Objects
12.5 The Measurement of Resolving Power
12.6 Magnification Calibration.
12.7 Errors in Magnification Calibration
12.8 Distortion Measurement
12.9 Contamination Rate Measurement
13. Photographic Techniques
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Plate Emulsion
13.3 The Base.
13.4 Exposure Time
13.5 Exposure Measurement
13.6 Development
13.7 Fixation
13.8 The Enlarger
13.9 Enlarger Magnification
13.10 Printing
13.11 Automatic Processers
13.12 The Darkroom
13.13 The Ideal Negative
14. Maintenance and Fault-Finding
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Keeping Records
14.3 Filament Life
14.4 Filament Changing
14.5 Preflashing` Filaments
14.6 Pointed Filaments
14.7 Column Cleaning
14.8 The Insulator
14.9 Lens Apertures
14.10 Lens Polepieces
14.13 The Vacuum System
14.14 Leaks
14.15 Pump Cleaning
14.16 Water Cooling Circuits
14.17 The Electronic System
14.18 Fault-Finding
14.19 Classification of Faults
14.20 Spare Parts
14.21 Maintenance Contracts
15. Future Trends in Biological Electron Microscopy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ultra-high Resolution
15.3 Ultra-high Voltages.
15.4 Ultra-high Vacuum
15.5 Pressure Specimen Chambers
15.6 Specimen Tilting Stages
15.7 X-Ray Microanalyser Electron Microscopes
15.8 Image Intensifier and TV Display Systems
15.9 Optical Transforms.
PART 3: SPECIMEN PREPARATION
16. Electron Microscope Histology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electron Histology
16.3 Fixation
16.4 Fixatives.
16.5 Buffers and Additives
16.6 Fixation Technique
16.7 Dehydration
16.8 Block Staining
16.9 Infiltration
16.10 Embedding Media
16.11 Epoxy Resins
16.12 Other Embedding Media
16.13 Block Hardness
16.14 Embedding Procedure
16.15 Epoxy Resin Dermatitis
16.16 Ultramicrotomy
16.17 Block Trimming
16.18 Block Trimming Machines
16.19 Ultramicrotomes
16-20 Representative Commercial Ultramicrotomes
16.21 Section Thickness
16.22 Section Thickness Measurement.
16.23 The Microtome Knife
16.24 Evaluating Glass Knives
16.25 Knife Making Machines
16.26 The Knife Trough
16.27 Diamond Knives
16.28 Microtomy
16.29 Mounting
16.30 Flattening Sections
16.31 Section Staining
16.32 Faults in Sectioning
16.33 Criteria of Good Preservation`.
17. Particulate Material
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Specimen Support Films
17.3 Vacuum Evaporation
17.4 Metal Evaporation
17.5 Carbon Evaporation.
17.6 Preparation of Particulate Specimens
17.7 Surface Replication
17.8 Freeze Etching.
Bibliography
Appendix: The Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Index.

0471590304 Elektronski mikroskop, Mikroskopija