Tematika: Ostalo
Godina izdanja: 1900 - 1949.
ISBN: Ms
Kulturno dobro: Predmet koji prodajem nije kulturno dobro ili ovlašćena institucija odbija pravo preče kupovine
Jezik: Srpski
Autor: Strani

Spoljašnjost kao na fotografijama, unutrašnjost u dobrom i urednom stanju!


Karakter po Samuilu Smajlsu

Samuel Smiles (23. prosinca 1812. – 16. travnja 1904.) bio je britanski autor i reformator vlade. Iako je vodio kampanje na čartističkoj platformi, promovirao je ideju da će veći napredak doći iz novih stavova nego iz novih zakona. Njegovo primarno djelo, Samopomoć (1859.), promoviralo je štedljivost i tvrdilo da je siromaštvo uglavnom uzrokovano neodgovornim navikama, a istovremeno je napadalo materijalizam i laissez-faire vladu. Nazvano je `biblijom srednjeg viktorijanskog liberalizma` i imalo je trajan utjecaj na britansku političku misao.

Rani život i obrazovanje
Rođen u Haddingtonu, East Lothian, Škotska, Smiles je bio sin Janet Wilson iz Dalkeitha i Samuela Smilesa iz Haddingtona. Bio je jedno od jedanaestero preživjele djece. Iako su članovi njegove obitelji bili strogi reformirani prezbiterijanci, nije prakticirao. Studirao je u lokalnoj školi, koju je napustio u dobi od 14 godina. Izučavao je liječnika kod dr. Roberta Lewinsa.[1] Ovaj dogovor omogućio je Smilesu da studira medicinu na Sveučilištu u Edinburghu 1829. godine.[2] Tamo je produbio svoj interes za politiku i postao snažan pristaša Josepha Humea.

Njegov otac umro je u epidemiji kolere 1832. godine, ali Smilesu je omogućeno da nastavi studij jer ga je uzdržavala majka. Vodila je malu obiteljsku trgovinu mješovitom robom u uvjerenju da će `Gospodin providjeti`. Njezin primjer neumornog rada kako bi uzdržavala sebe i svojih devetero mlađe braće i sestara snažno je utjecao na Smilesov budući život, ali je razvio blagonaklon i tolerantan pogled na svijet koji je ponekad bio u suprotnosti s pogledom njegovih reformiranih prezbiterijanskih predaka.[potreban citat]

Godine 1838. Smilesu je ponuđeno mjesto urednika reformističkih novina Leeds Times.[3] Sljedećih dvadeset godina proveo je u gradu, preselivši se živjeti na Woodhouse Cliff 1847. godine.[4]

Karijera aktivista
Godine 1837. pisao je članke za Edinburgh Weekly Chronicle i Leeds Times, zalažući se za parlamentarnu reformu.[1] U studenom 1838. Smiles je pozvan da postane urednik Leeds Timesa, poziciju koju je prihvatio i obnašao do 1842.[2] U svibnju 1840. Smiles je postao tajnik Udruženja za parlamentarnu reformu Leedsa, organizacije koja se držala šest ciljeva čartizma: opće pravo glasa za sve muškarce starije od 21 godine; jednake izborne jedinice; tajno glasovanje; kraj potrebe da se zastupnici kvalificiraju za Parlament, osim pobjedom na izborima; plaćanje zastupnika; i godišnji Parlamenti.

Kao urednik Leeds Timesa, zalagao se za radikalne ciljeve, od prava glasa za žene do slobodne trgovine i parlamentarne reforme. Međutim, krajem 1840-ih, Smiles se zabrinuo zbog zagovaranja fizičke sile od strane čartista Feargusa O`Connora i Georgea Juliana Harneyja, iako se čini da se s njima složio da trenutne taktike pokreta nisu učinkovite, rekavši da `same političke reforme neće izliječiti mnoga zla koja sada muče društvo`.

Dana 7. prosinca 1843. Samuel se oženio Sarah Ann Holmes Dixon u Leedsu. Imali su tri kćeri i dva sina.[2]

Godine 1845. napustio je Leeds Times i postao tajnik novoosnovane željeznice Leeds & Thirsk. Nakon devet godina radio je za Jugoistočnu željeznicu.

U 1850-ima, Smiles je napustio svoj interes za parlament i odlučio da je samopomoć najvažnije područje reforme. Godine 1859. objavio je svoju knjigu Samopomoć; s ilustracijama karaktera i ponašanja.

Smiles je pisao članke za Quarterly. U članku o željeznicama tvrdio je da željeznice treba nacionalizirati i da treba poticati putnike trećeg razreda.[5] Godine 1861. Smiles je objavio članak iz Quarterlyja, preimenovan u Zarade, uštede i štrajkovi radnika. Tvrdio je da je siromaštvo u mnogim slučajevima uzrokovano uobičajenom neopreznošću:

Vremena velikog prosperiteta, u kojima su plaće najviše i mlinovi koji rade puno radno vrijeme, nisu vremena u kojima Mehanički instituti i škole cvjetaju, već vremena u kojima krčmari i prodavači piva prosperiraju i bogate se... Radnik koji zarađuje 50 do 60 šilinga tjedno (iznad prosječne plaće bankarskih činovnika) bio je zadovoljan boravkom u bijednom jednosobnom stanu u lošem susjedstvu, pri čemu je ta jedna soba služila kao salon, kuhinja i spavaća soba za cijelu obitelj, koju su činili muž, žena, četiri sina, dvije mačke i pas. Svjedoka su pitali: Mislite li da ova obitelj nije mogla dobiti bolji smještaj ili su bili nemarni? Bili su nemarni, bio je odgovor.[6]

Godine 1866. Smiles je postao predsjednik Nacionalne providne institucije, ali je otišao 1871. nakon što je pretrpio teški moždani udar.

Građevinska zadruga Globe Permanent Benefit, 493 New Cross Road, Deptford SE14. Osnovana 1868. Osnovana 1878. za obostranu korist investitora i zajmoprimaca uz odobrenje pokojnog Samuela Smilesa. Izvješće o 50. obljetnici (1. kolovoza 1918.) navodi da je bio osnivački direktor i da je bio uključen 3 godine. Svi osnivači živjeli su u Deptfordu ili susjedstvu, kao i deset nasljednika.



In 1875, his book Thrift was published. In it, he said that `riches do not constitute any claim to distinction. It is only the vulgar who admire riches as riches`.[7] He claimed that the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 was `one of the most valuable that has been placed on the statute-book in modern times`.[8] He also criticised laissez-faire:

When typhus or cholera breaks out, they tell us that Nobody is to blame. That terrible Nobody! How much he has to answer for. More mischief is done by Nobody than by all the world besides. Nobody adulterates our food. Nobody poisons us with bad drink. Nobody supplies us with foul water. Nobody spreads fever in blind alleys and unswept lanes. Nobody leaves towns undrained. Nobody fills gaols, penitentiaries, and convict stations. Nobody makes poachers, thieves, and drunkards. Nobody has a theory too—a dreadful theory. It is embodied in two words—Laissez faire—Let alone. When people are poisoned by plaster of Paris mixed with flour, `Let alone` is the remedy. When Cocculus indicus is used instead of hops, and men die prematurely, it is easy to say, `Nobody did it.` Let those who can, find out when they are cheated: Caveat emptor. When people live in foul dwellings, let them alone. Let wretchedness do its work; do not interfere with death.[9]

In 1871, he edited the letters written by his son, Samuel Smiles Jr (Born 1852), and sent home during his teenage sea voyage (taken for his health[10]), as well as the log he kept of his journey to Australia and the United States between February 1869 and March 1871, and published them in London in book form, under the title A Boy`s Voyage Round the World.

In 1881 he claimed:

Labour is toilsome and its gains are slow. Some people determine to live by the labour of others, and from the moment they arrive at that decision, become the enemies of society. It is not often that distress drives men to crime. In nine cases out of ten, it is choice not necessity. Moral cowardice is exhibited as much in public as in private life. Snobbism is not confined to toadying of the rich, but is quite as often displayed in the toadying of the poor... Now that the `masses` exercise political power, there is a growing tendency to fawn upon them, flatter them, speak nothing but smooth words to them. They are credited with virtues they themselves know they do not possess. To win their favour sympathy is often pretended for views, the carrying out of which is known to be hopeless. The popular agitator must please whom he addresses, and it is always highly gratifying to our self-love to be told that someone else is to blame for what we suffer. So it rarely occurs to these orators to suggest that those whom they address are themselves to blame for what they suffer, or that they misuse the means of happiness which are within their reach ... The capitalist is merely a man who does not spend all that is earned by work.[11]

Self-Help
Smiles was not very successful in his careers as a doctor and journalist. He joined several cooperative ventures, but they failed for lack of capital. Disillusioned, he turned away from middle-class utopianism. He finally found intellectual refuge and national fame in the isolation of self-help.[12]

The origins of his most famous book, Self-Help, lay in a speech he gave in March 1845 in response to a request by a Mutual Improvement Society, published as, The Education of the Working Classes. In it Smiles said:

I would not have any one here think that, because I have mentioned individuals who have raised themselves by self-education from poverty to social eminence, and even wealth, these are the chief marks to be aimed at. That would be a great fallacy. Knowledge is of itself one of the highest enjoyments. The ignorant man passes through the world dead to all pleasures, save those of the senses ... Every human being has a great mission to perform, noble faculties to cultivate, a vast destiny to accomplish. He should have the means of education, and of exerting freely all the powers of his godlike nature.[13]

The newly founded Routledge publishing house rejected publishing Self-Help in 1855.[14] Twenty years later Smiles was seated next to George Routledge at a dinner, and he said to him, `And when, Dr. Smiles, are we to have the honour of publishing one of your books?`; Smiles replied that Mr. Routledge already had the honour of rejecting Self-Help.[15] Although John Murray was willing to publish Self-Help on a half-profits system, Smiles rejected this as he did not want the book to lose its anecdotes. In 1859, Smiles self-published the book, retaining the copyright, while he paid John Murray a ten per cent commission.[15] It sold 20,000 copies within one year of its publication. By the time of Smiles`s death in 1904 it had sold over a quarter of a million copies.[16] Self-Help `elevated [Smiles] to celebrity status: almost overnight, he became a leading pundit and much-consulted guru`.[17] Smiles `suddenly became the fashion and he was deluged with requests that he should lay foundation stones, sit for his portrait, present prizes to orphan children, make speeches from platforms. The simple fellow was pleased with these invitations, but naturally he could not accept. He had his work to do ... his duty did not lie on any public platform ... It lay in his office with his Work`.[18]

Conduct manuscript
Smiles intended to publish a book titled Conduct, in 1896. He submitted it to his publisher, but John Murray declined to publish the book. In 1898, publication was denied again.

After the death of Smiles in 1904, the manuscript of Conduct was found in his desk and, on the advice of John Murray, was destroyed.[19] No copy is known to exist.

Later life, death and descendants
Sir George Reid was commissioned to paint Smiles`s portrait, completed in 1877 and now in the collection of the National Gallery, London. Copies of his handwriting can be found in the archives of East Lothian Council.[20]

When, in 1892, William Gladstone returned to power and, as prime minister, introduced his Second Irish Home Rule Bill, Smiles wrote to his son in Ulster: `Don`t you rebel. Keep quiet, though I see your name among the agitators ... Your letter is frightfully alarming ... Gladstone has come into power and we are threatened with Civil War. This cannot be the result of good statesmanship. Yet there are Liberal members to cheer on the maniac. Alas, alas for Liberalism! ... Must I give you six months notice to withdraw my loans to the B.R. Co., for I want to keep the little money I have for wife and bairns, not for arming the Ulstermen`.[21] Smiles wrote to Lucy Smiles in 1893, `This Home Rule Bill is horrid ... I am quite appalled at that wretched hound, miscalled statesman, throwing the country into a state of turmoil. I cannot understand how so many persons in this part of Britain follow that maniac, just like a flock of sheep. He is simply bursting with self-conceit. Alas! Alas for Liberalism!`[22]

On 16 April 1904, Samuel Smiles died in Kensington in his 92nd year, London and was buried in Brompton Cemetery. Shortly before his death, he was reportedly offered a knighthood, which he declined to accept.

Smiles`s grandchildren include Sir Walter Smiles, an Ulster Unionist Party MP. Through that branch of the family, Smiles is also the great-great-grandfather of Bear Grylls, a well-known adventurer.